Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization The United Nations World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information on international tourism. This defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".[3] Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2007, there were over 903 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6% as compared to 2006. International tourist receipts were USD The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents (200 half-cents prior to 1857) 856 billion in 2007.[4]
Despite the recent global recession, international tourist arrivals during the first four months of 2008 followed a similar growth trend than the same period in 2007.[4] However, as a result of the economic crisis of 2008 Since 2008, much of the industrialized world entered into a recession, the late-2000s recession, sparked by a financial crisis that had its origins in deregulated, reckless lending practices involving the origination and distribution of mortgage debt in the United States. Sub-prime loans losses in 2007 exposed other risky loans and over-inflated, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months, while growth from January to April 2008 had reached an average 5.7% compared to its 2007 level. Growth from 2006 to 2007 was only 3.7%, as total international tourism arrivals from January to August were 641 million tourists, up from 618 million in the same period in 2007.[5]
Tourism is vital for many countries, such as the U.A.E The United Arab Emirates (Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, Dawlat al-Imārāt al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) is a federation of seven emirates situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia. The UAE consists of seven states, termed, Egypt Egypt (pronounced /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ; Arabic: مصر Miṣr, pronounced [misˤɾ] ( listen); Egyptian Arabic: Maṣr [ˈmɑsˤɾ]; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, kīmi; Egyptian: Kemet), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about 1,010,, Greece Greece /ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, transliterated: Elláda [e̞ˈlaða] , historically Ἑλλάς, Hellás, IPA: [e̞ˈlas]), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, [e̞liniˈkʲi ðimo̞kɾaˈtia]), is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan and Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand (pronounced /ˈtaɪlænd/; Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai, IPA: [râːtɕʰa ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k tʰɑj]) is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Laos and Myanmar, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent, English-speaking country consisting of 2,387 rocks, 661 cays and 29 islands. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of the United States of America; northeast to east of Cuba, Hispaniola and north to east of the Caribbean Sea; and west to northwest of the Turks and, Fiji Fiji /ˈfiːdʒi/ (Fijian: Matanitu ko Viti; Fijian Hindustani: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Fijian: Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti; Fijian Hindustani: फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य[citation needed], fiji dvip samooh gannarajy), is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean, Maldives The Maldives ( /ˈmɒldaɪvz/ or /ˈmɒldiːvz/), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ Dhivehi Raa’j) or Maldive Islands, officially the Republic of Maldives, is an island country consisting of a group of atolls stretching south of India's Lakshadweep islands between Minicoy Island and the Chagos Archipelago, and about seven hundred kilometres (435 and the Seychelles Seychelles , officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar. Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west,, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries The tertiary sector of economy is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector (approximately manufacturing) and the primary sector (extraction such as mining, agriculture and fishing). The general definition of the Tertiary sector is producing a service instead of just a end product, in the case of the secondary sector associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxis, hospitality services The concept of Hospitality Services, also known as “accommodation sharing”, “hospitality exchange” , and “home stay networks”, refers to centrally organized social networks of individuals who trade accommodation without monetary exchange. While this concept could also include house swapping or even time share plans, it has come to be, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos A casino is, in the modern sense of the word, a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of gambling activities. Casinos are most commonly built near or combined with hotels, restaurants, retail shopping, cruise ships and other tourist attractions. Some casinos are known for hosting live entertainment events, such as stand-up comedy,, shopping malls, various music venues A music venue is any location regularly used for a concert or musical performance. Music venues range in size and location, from an outdoor bandshell or bandstand to an indoor sports stadium. Typically, different types of venues host different genres of music. Opera houses, bandshells, and concerts host classical music performances, whereas public and the theatre.
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Definition
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."[6] In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."[citation needed] In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.[7]
The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to classified three forms of tourism in 1994, in its "Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism", which involves residents of the given country traveling only within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country; and Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.[citation needed] The UN also derived different categories of tourism by combining the three basic forms of tourism: Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; and International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the Korea Tourism Organization The Korea Tourism Organization is a statutory organization of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and is commissioned to promote the country's tourism industry and widely accepted in Korea.[citation needed] Intrabound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policymaking and implementation of national tourism policies.[citation needed]
Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the promotion of intrabound tourism, because many countries are experiencing tough competition for inbound tourists.[citation needed] Some national policymakers have shifted their priority to the promotion of intrabound tourism to contribute to the local economy. Examples of such campaigns include: "See America" in Singapore" in Singapore Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 710.2 km2 (274.2 sq mi), Singapore, a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast Asia,; "100% Pure New Zealand" in New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook; "Amazing Thailand" in Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand (pronounced /ˈtaɪlænd/; Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai, IPA: [râːtɕʰa ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k tʰɑj]) is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Laos and Myanmar, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of; "Incredible India" in India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517; and "The Hidden Charm" in Vietnam Vietnam (pronounced /ˌviː.ɛtˈnɑːm/; Vietnamese: Việt Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. With a population of over 86 million,.[citation needed]
World tourism statistics and rankings
Most visited countries
Main article: World Tourism rankings The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publicationThe World Tourism Organization The United Nations World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information on international tourism. This reports the following ten countries as the most visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine Ukraine /juːˈkreɪn/ (Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev (Kyiv) is both the entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, pronounced [rʌˈsʲijə]), officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation(Russian: Российская Федерация (help·info), Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), is a country in northern Eurasia (Europe and Asia together). It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83, Austria Austria /ˈɔstria/ (help·info) (German: Österreich (help·info)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and and Mexico The United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos ), commonly known as Mexico (English: /ˈmɛksɪkoʊ/) (Spanish: México (help·info) [ˈmexiko]), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize,. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast. Europe is washed upon to the north by the Arctic Ocean and.
International tourism receipts
International tourist receipts were USD The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents (200 half-cents prior to 1857) 96.7 billion in 2007, up from USD The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents (200 half-cents prior to 1857) 85.7 billion in 2006. When the export value of international passenger travel receipts is accounted for, total receipts in 2007 reached a record of USD The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents (200 half-cents prior to 1857) 1.02 trillion or 3 billion a day.[4] The World Tourism Organization The United Nations World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information on international tourism. This reports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast. Europe is washed upon to the north by the Arctic Ocean and, but the United States continues to be the top earner.
International tourism top spenders
The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.[4] A study by Dresdner Bank[9] forecasts that for 2008, Germans and Europeans, in general, will continue to be the top spenders, because of the strength of the Euro against the United States dollar, with strong demand for the U.S. in favor of other destinations.[10]
| Rank | Country | UNWTO Regional Market | International Tourism Expenditures (2007)[4] | International Tourism Expenditures (2006)[8] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | Europe | $82.9 billion | $73.9 billion |
| 2 | United States | North America | $76.2 billion | $72.1 billion |
| 3 | United Kingdom | Europe | $72.3 billion | $63.1 billion |
| 4 | France | Europe | $36.7 billion | $31.2 billion |
| 5 | China | Asia | $29.8 billion | $24.3 billion |
| 6 | Italy | Europe | $27.3 billion | $23.1 billion |
| 7 | Japan | Asia | $26.5 billion | $26.9 billion |
| 8 | Canada | North America | $24.8 billion | $20.5 billion |
| 9 | Russia | Europe | $22.3 billion | $18.2 billion |
| 10 | South Korea | Asia | $20.9 billion | $18.9 billion |
Most visited attractions
Forbes Traveller released a ranking of the world's 50 most visited tourist attractions in 2007, including both international and domestic tourists.[11] The following are the Top 10 attractions, followed by some other famous sites included within the list of the 50 most visited:[12] It is noticeable that six out of the top ten are in North America.
Most visited cities
Euromonitor released a ranking of the world's 150 most visited cities by international tourists in 2007.[13] The following are the leading 15 cities, according to Euromonitor's ranking:
| Most visited cities by international tourists in 2007[13] Top 15 ranking cities | |||||||||||
| Ranking | City | Country | Number of intl. visitors (millions) | Ranking | City | Country | Number of intl. visitors (millions) | Ranking | City | Country | Number of intl. visitors (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | London | United Kingdom | 15.34 | 6 | New York City | United States | 7.65 | 11 | Barcelona | Spain | 5.04 |
| 2 | Hong Kong | China | 12.05 | 7 | Toronto | Canada | 6.63 | 12 | Seoul | South Korea | 4.99 |
| 3 | Bangkok | Thailand | 10.84 | 8 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | 6.54 | 13 | Shanghai | China | 4.80 |
| 4 | Singapore | Singapore | 10.28 | 9 | Istanbul | Turkey | 6.45 | 14 | Dublin | Ireland | 4.63 |
| 5 | Paris | France | 8.76 | 10 | Rome | Italy | 6.12 | 15 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | 4.40 |
However, other sources report Paris as the most visited city in the world with 30 million visitors.[14][15][16][17][18]
History
Kinkaku-ji, the Golden Pavilion temple in Kyoto, Japan. Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The Matterhorn, near Zermatt in the Swiss Alps, Switzerland. The Great Bath at the Roman Baths in Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom one of the world's first health tourism sites. Ski jumping hill in Karpacz, Poland.Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae, were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourism was used by 1811 and tourist by 1840.[19] In 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign tourist as "someone travelling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.[20]
Leisure travel
Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.[citation needed] Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.[21]
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic – reflecting the dominance of English customers.
Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter. Places often visited are: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Thailand, North Queensland in Australia and Florida in the United States.
Winter tourism
Major ski resorts are located in the various European countries (e.g. Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland), Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, Chile and Argentina.
Mass tourism
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In the United States, the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was Atlantic City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.
In continental Europe, early resorts included: Ostend, popularized by the people of Brussels; Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians; and Heiligendamm, founded in 1797, as the first seaside resort at the Baltic Sea.
Adjectival tourisms
See also: List of adjectival tourismsAdjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics.[citation needed] Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:
- Culinary tourism
- Dark tourism
- Disaster tourism
- Ecotourism
- Heritage tourism
- LGBT tourism
- Medical tourism
- Nautical tourism
- Space tourism
- War tourism
- Cultural tourism
- Wilderness tourism
Recent developments
Red Square in Moscow, Russia. Iguazu Falls on the Argentina-Brazil border. Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Prague, Czech Republic. Buenos Aires, Argentina. N Seoul Tower in South Korea.There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common.[citation needed] Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and greater leisure time and they are also better-educated and have more sophisticated tastes.[citation needed] There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels.
The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.[22] There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations, such as in Bali and several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004, a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian Ocean, including the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.
Sustainable tourism
"Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems." (World Tourism Organization)
Sustainable development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)[23]
Eco-tourism
Main article: Eco-tourismMedical tourism
Main article: Medical tourismWhen there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
Educational tourism
Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment.[citation needed] In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
Other developments
Creative tourism
Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards[citation needed], who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travelers in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place.[citation needed]
More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy and New Zealand.
Dark tourism
One emerging area of special interest tourism has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)[citation needed] as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism poses severe ethical and moral dilemmas: should these sites be available for visitation and, if so, what should the nature of the publicity involved be. Dark tourism remains a small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.[24]
Growth
International tourism receipts in 2005 The Hagia Sophia – originally a church, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Dubrovnik's Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Croatia.The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 %.[25] By 2020 Europe will remain the most popular destination, but its share will drop from 60% in 1995 to 46%. Long-haul will grow slightly faster than intraregional travel and by 2020 its share will increase from 18% in 1995 to 24%.[citation needed]
With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet.[citation needed] Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.
It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between Tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.[26] Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.
Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies such as a space elevator make space travel cheap.[citation needed]
Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-powered airplanes or large dirigibles.[citation needed] Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.[citation needed]
Latest trends
As a result of the economic crisis of 2008, international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight months of 2008. The Asian and Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the boreal summer months, while the Americas performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping a 6% growth from January to August 2008. Only the Middle East continued its rapid growth during the same period, reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same period in 2007.[5] This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline.[5] As the global economic situation deteriorated dramatically during September and October as a result of the global financial crisis, growth of international tourism is expected to slow even further for the remaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand growth is forecasted to continue into 2009 as recession has already hit most of the top spender countries, with long-haul travel expected to be the most affected by the economic crisis.[5] However, some travel destinations have experienced growth during hard economic times, drawing on low costs of living, accessibility, and friendly immigration laws permitting tourists to stay for extended periods of time. Recession tourism, a phrase coined by Matt Landau in his research about Panama, has evolved as an alternative escape option for nervous crisis-goers in 2009.[citation needed]
Negative impacts
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Tourism is the issue that nearly every city faces. It is worldwide and a threat to beaches, famous landmarks,holy areas and also resorts. Attracting a high volume of tourists can have negative impacts, such as the impact of 33 million tourists a year on the city of New York,[27] or the potential to impact fragile environments negatively,[28] or the impact of the December 26, 2004 tsunami on the tourists themselves.[29] The environment can be affected negatively by cruise ship pollution in many ways, including ballast water discharge, and by pollution from aircraft.
See also
- Historical archive on tourism
- Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
- World Tourism Organization
- World-Point Academy of Tourism
References
- ^ "World Tourism Barometer" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 2007. 8. http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/unwto_barom07_2_en.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
- ^ Tourism Directorate (France) (2007). "Key facts on tourism" (PDF). http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z2/stat/chiffres/att00009212/ccles_gb.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
- ^ "UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 1995. 14. http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2008" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. June 2008. http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-08-01. Volume 6 No. 2
- ^ a b c d World Tourism Organization (October 2008). "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer October 2008" (PDF). UNWTO. http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom08_3_en_Excerpt.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-17. Volume 6, Issue 3
- ^ Werner Hunziker and Kurt (1942). Grundriss der allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre. OCLC 69064371. ; cf. Hasso Spode in Günther Haehling (ed.): Tourismus-Management, Berlin 1998
- ^ International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism. "The AIEST, its character and aims". http://www.aiest.org/org/idt/idt_aiest.nsf/en/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
- ^ a b c "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Edition 2007" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 2007. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/highlights_07_eng_hr.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
- ^ Touristik report. January 2008 (German)
- ^ "Monthly Market Report: Germany" (PDF). Tourism Australia. February 2008. http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/MRRs/2008/Germany_MMR_Feb08.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-21.
- ^ a b Forbes Traveller (2007-04-25). "Top 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions". http://www.forbestraveler.com/best-lists/most-visited-tourist-attractions-story.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
- ^ The Hopeful Traveler (2007-07-29). "Forbes Traveler 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions". http://thehopefultraveler.blogspot.com/2007_07_29_archive.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-29.
- ^ a b Caroline Bremner (2009-01-07). "Trend Watch: Euromonitor International’s Top City Destinations Ranking". Euromonitor International. http://www.euromonitor.com/Trend_Watch_Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destinations_Ranking. Retrieved on 2009-01-16.
- ^ "Paris - World's Most Visited City - Leisure and Statistics". January 09-2008. http://www.bizaims.com/articles/tourism/paris+worlds+most+visited+city+leisure+and+statistics.
- ^ "Paris Is The Most Visited City In The World". January 09-2008. http://www.articlesbase.com/travel-articles/paris-is-the-most-visited-city-in-the-world-433143.html.
- ^ "Paris: Most visited and most expensive city in the world". January 09-2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/ET_Travel/Take_a_chill_pill_this_Independence_Day_weekend/articleshow/articleshow/3303865.cms.
- ^ "Number One Tourist Destination is Paris". January 09-2008. http://www.http://www.bizaims.com/articles/tourism/number+one+tourist+destination+paris.
- ^ Travel tour France
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary: tour". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=t&p=16. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
- ^ Theobald, William F. (1998). Global Tourism. p. 10. ISBN 0750640227. http://books.google.com/books?id=9dvK2ajv7zIC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=league+of+nations+tourism+1936&source=web&ots=CnKfwbh5-5&sig=ejVyw3fgxy5kUwuksgiQTe_8aQU&hl=en.
- ^ "Cox & Kings Website". http://www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx.
- ^ Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.
- ^
- ^ Tourism Principles and Practice, C. Cooper, J. Fletcher, A. Fyall, D. Gilbert, S. Wanhill, Pearson Education, Third edition, Madrid 2005
- ^ "Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision". World Tourism. 2004. http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm.
- ^ "airports & tourists". Global Culture. 2007. http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/.
- ^ Kirby, David (September 27, 1998). "The Tourist Trap; With All Those Visitors Trampling the Welcome Mat, Can New York Be the Host With the Most for Everyone?". News Article. New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9B04EEDE1539F934A1575AC0A96E958260. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
- ^ Nicholls, Henry (April 19, 2006). "The tourist trap (The Galapagos islands are the world's prime eco-tourism destination. Now the sheer number of visitors is endangering their future )". News article. Guardian. http://travel.guardian.co.uk/ecotourism/story/0,,1756634,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
- ^ Kurlantzick, Joshua (January 9, 2005). "The True Meaning of the Tourist Trap". News article. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58323-2005Jan8.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
External links
Find more about Tourism on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from WiktionaryTextbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity- Economic Research: Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism. Travel Industry Association of America. 2004.
- Promoting Tourism in Rural America. USDA, National Agricultural Library, Rural Information Center. 2004.
- Rural Tourism. USDA, Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service.
- Rural Tourism Resources USDA, National Agricultural Library, Rural Information Center.
- Tourism: OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development A valuable resource for statistics and information on international trends in tourism and tourism policies.
- Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the U.S. and Tenth District PDF (595 KB). By Chad Wilkerson. Economic Review, Third Quarter 2003. Federal Reserve Board in Kansas.
Categories: Service industries | Entertainment | Tourism | Tourism Geography
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Main Barcelona tourist office in or rather under Placa Catalunya Square Metro Catalunya Green Line L3 and Red Line L1 Address Pl de Catalunya
Bernhard
Sat, 04 Jul 2009 01:01:06 GM
A picture of the non-. tourist. area of Arequipa (Peru).
Q. What are the requirements for tourist visa from Philippines to USA? How much will it cost? Do I need to approach an agency to process my papers or to go directly at the US embassy?
Asked by elviraviajar - Sun Nov 19 23:40:09 2006 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Click the link above for the official govt website. Hope that helps!
Answered by love2travel - Mon Nov 20 11:49:21 2006
