Ultralight backpacking is an advanced[1] style of backpacking Backpacking combines hiking and camping in a single trip. A backpacker hikes into the backcountry to spend one or more nights there, and carries supplies and equipment to satisfy sleeping and eating needs that emphasizes packing (carrying) the lightest weight and most simple kit safely possible for a given trip. To reach this goal, base pack weight (the weight of a backpack A backpack is, in its simplest form, a cloth sack carried on one's back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders, but there can be exceptions. Light weight types of backpacks are sometimes worn on only one shoulder strap plus the gear inside— excluding consumables such as food, water, and fuel, which vary depending on the duration and style of trip) is reduced as much as safely possible, though reduction of the weight of consumables is also applied.

Although no technical standards exist, the terms light and ultralight commonly refer to base pack weights below 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and 10 pounds (4.5 kg) respectively. Traditional backpacking often results in base pack weights above 30 pounds (14 kg), and sometimes up to 60 pounds (27 kg) or more. Extreme enthusiasts of ultralight backpacking sometimes attempt super-ultralight backpacking in which the base pack weight is below 5 pounds (2.3 kg).

Contents

History

Ultralight backpacking was popularized by rock climber Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climb up or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a pre-defined route. Rock climbing competitions have objectives of completing the route in the quickest possible time or the furthest along an ever increasingly harder Ray Jardine, whose 1992 book PCT Hiker's Handbook[2], later retitled as Beyond Backpacking in 1999[3], laid the foundations for many techniques that ultralight backpackers use today. Jardine claimed his first Pacific Crest Trail The Pacific Crest Trail is a long-distance mountain hiking and equestrian trail that runs in Washington, Oregon, and California between Mexico and Canada thru-hike Thru-hiking is the process of hiking a long-distance trail from end to end. The term is most commonly associated with the Appalachian Trail, but is also used for other lengthy trails and long distance hikes, including the Pacific Crest Trail and the Continental Divide Trail. Thru-hiking is also called "end-to-end hiking" or "end-to- was with a base pack weight of 25 pounds (11 kg), and by his third PCT thru-hike it was below 9 pounds (4.1 kg)[3].

Yet the concept of ultralight camping gear is certainly not new. The outdoors writer Horace Kephart, in his 1917 book Camping and Woodcraft, listed in detail several camping kits manufactured in England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant that weighed 6–7 pounds (2.7–3.2 kg), and included silk tent, rubber sleeping mat, down sleeping bag A sleeping bag is a protective "bag" for a person to sleep in, essentially a blanket that can be closed with a zipper or similar means, and functions as a bed in situations where it is impractical to carry around a full bed . Its primary purpose is to provide warmth and thermal insulation. It also protects, to some extent, against wind or quilt, alcohol stove and cooking equipment: it was Kephart's view that these kits were insufficiently durable. His own base pack weight for light trips was 18 pounds (8.2 kg), including the 2.75 pounds (1.25 kg) of his preferred Duluth-style backpack A Duluth pack, or portage pack, is a traditional piece of luggage used in canoe travel, particularly in the Boundary Waters region of northern Minnesota and Ontario. A specialized type of backpack, Duluth packs are made of either heavy canvas or nylon, and are approximately square in order to fit easily in the bottom of a canoe. These packs are.[citation needed]

Another early pioneer was Emma "Grandma" Gatewood, who thru-hiked Thru-hiking is the process of hiking a long-distance trail from end to end. The term is most commonly associated with the Appalachian Trail, but is also used for other lengthy trails and long distance hikes, including the Pacific Crest Trail and the Continental Divide Trail. Thru-hiking is also called "end-to-end hiking" or "end-to- the Appalachian Trail The Appalachian National Scenic Trail, generally known as the Appalachian Trail or simply The A.T., is a marked hiking trail in the eastern United States extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. It is approximately 2,178 miles a[›] long. The path is maintained by thirty trail clubs and multiple partnerships in 1955 with only a duffel bag A duffel bag is a large cylindrical bag made of cloth with the closure at the top, often also referred to as a kit bag or gym bag containing an army blanket, a plastic sheet, and other very simple gear much lighter than the heavy equipment common among thru-hikers in those days.[4]

Philosophy

By carrying lighter and more multi-purpose equipment, ultralight backpackers are frequently able to cover longer distances per day with less wear and tear on the body. This is particularly useful when thru-hiking Thru-hiking is the process of hiking a long-distance trail from end to end. The term is most commonly associated with the Appalachian Trail, but is also used for other lengthy trails and long distance hikes, including the Pacific Crest Trail and the Continental Divide Trail. Thru-hiking is also called "end-to-end hiking" or "end-to- a long-distance trail Long-distance trails are the longer recreational right-of-way routes mainly through rural areas, used for non-motorised recreational travelling (walking, backpacking, cycling or horse riding).

The first way to reduce weight is by leaving items that are unnecessary at home. This often includes camping Camping is an outdoor recreational activity. The participants leave urban areas, their home region, or civilization and enjoy nature while spending one or several nights outdoors, usually at a campsite, which may have cabins. Camping may involve the use of a tent, caravan, a primitive structure, or no shelter at all luxuries such as camp chairs, coffee makers, electronic gadgets, multiple items of clothing, etc. This is the initial step taken by any backpacker seeking less weight on their back.

The next method is reducing item weight. Modifying items to reduce superfluous weight, such as removing the handle from a toothbrush or cutting tags off of clothing is one example of reducing an item's weight. Replacing heavy items all together is another means by which to reduce an item's weight. Replacing items manufactured using heavy materials with items made from lighter ones will help as well. For instance, Ripstop nylon Rip-stop nylon is a light-weight nylon fabric with inter-woven ripstop reinforcement threads in a crosshatch pattern.The material comes in many different colours and sizes, including thickness. It is woven with coarse, strong warp and filling yarns spaced at intervals so that tears will not spread. The same effect can be achieved by weaving two or can make a much lighter pack than canvas Canvas is an extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other functions where sturdiness is required. It is also popularly used as a painting surface, typically stretched, and on fashion handbags and shoes material. The fabrics Silnylon Silnylon, a portmanteau of "silicone" and "nylon", is a synthetic fabric used mainly in lightweight outdoor gear. It is made by impregnating a thin woven nylon fabric with liquid silicone from both sides. This makes it strong for its weight, as the silicone substantially improves the tear strength. It is also highly waterproof,, spinnaker sailcloths and spectra-woven Cuben Fiber (UHMWPE Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene , also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. It has extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 2 and 6 million. The longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively) are regularly used in ultralight applications for their low ratio of weight to surface area [5]. Exchanging fully-featured items for minimalist Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. As a specific movement in the arts it is identified with developments in post-World War II Western Art, most strongly with American visual arts in the late 1960s and early 1970s (and therefore lighter) items will save weight as well. For instance an inflatable sleeping pad In camping, a ground pad, sleeping pad, sleeping mat or roll mat is a simple device often used in conjunction with a sleeping bag. Its purpose is to provide padding and thermal insulation. All types currently available use air as their primary form of insulation is more feature-rich A system is said to be feature-rich when it has many options and functional capabilities available to the user. Progressive disclosure is a technique applied to reduce the potential confusion caused by displaying a wealth of features at once and weighs more than a closed-cell foam pad, yet both serve the same intrinsic purpose. There are many options, so reducing item weight has innumerable choices.[3]

Field-expedient poncho shelter.

The final method is to utilize multi-purpose gear - one piece of gear which serves the purpose of two, thereby theoretically cutting the weight of the item in half. For example, a lightweight rain poncho A 'poncho' is an outer garment designed to keep the body warm, or if made from a watertight material, to keep dry during rain. It was created by the ancient peoples of the Andes and is now known in over 150 countries over the world which is modified with tie-outs (or tied out with sheet bends The Sheet bend is a bend that joins two ropes together. Doubled, it is effective in binding lines of different diameter or rigidity securely together) also serves as a tarp shelter. According to Jordan[6]: "The poncho-tarp is probably the lightest possible combination of shelter and raingear..." Another example is an insulated sweater or jacket A jacket is a type of sleeved hip- or waist-length garment for the upper body. For clothing older than the mid-nineteenth century, a distinction is often maintained with a coat, but in many instances the terms are now interchangeable. A jacket is generally shorter, ending just below the waist, and often lighter. Some jackets are fashionable, while used in conjunction with a lightweight sleeping bag which boosts the efficiency of the lightweight sleeping bag as well as remaining a useful clothing item. By using an insulated sweater in conjunction with a lightweight sleeping bag a warmer rated sleeping bag may be made appropriate for the current weather. Warmer weather sleeping bags tend to be lighter and more compressible than colder weather sleeping bags.

Base Pack

The "Three Heavies" or "Big Three"

The rain shelter, sleeping system, and backpack A backpack is, in its simplest form, a cloth sack carried on one's back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders, but there can be exceptions. Light weight types of backpacks are sometimes worn on only one shoulder strap are considered to be the three major items carried by backpackers. Consequently, reducing the weight of these will reduce overall pack weight[7]. Using the methods described above the weight of the big three will be reduced.

A bivouac A bivouac traditionally refers to a military encampment made with tents or improvised shelters, usually without shelter or protection from enemy fire or such a site where a camp may be built. It is also commonly used to describe a variety of improvised camp sites such as those used in scouting and mountain climbing. It may often refer to sleeping (using a bivy sack) in winter at Benediktenwand, Germany

The most common rain shelter in use is the tent A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope. While smaller tents may be free-standing or attached to the ground, large tents are usually anchored using guy ropes tied to stakes or tent pegs. First used as portable homes by nomadic peoples, tents, but these are relatively heavy due to a number of reasons. They are often designed from two layers of fabric (to address the internal condensation problem), often require the use of metal poles, stakes, and sometimes include a separate ground cloth to protect the tent bottom. Replacing a double-wall tent with a simple tarp and bivy combination will reduce not only weight but also volume carried in a backpack. Other methods to reduce shelter weight include single layer tarp tent A tarp tent is a tarpaulin, a plastic or nylon sheet, used in place of a tent. It is usually rigged with poles, tent pegs, and guy lines. Ultralight backpackers use tarp tents because they are lightweight compared to other backpacking shelters hybrids, hammocks The hammock is a fabric sling suspended between two points, used for swinging, sleeping, or resting. It normally consists of one or more cloth panels, or a woven network of twine or thin rope stretched with ropes between two firm anchor points such as trees or posts. Hammocks were developed by native inhabitants of tropical regions for sleeping, poncho-tarps, or the use of a bivy sack A bivouac sack is an extremely small, lightweight, waterproof shelter, and an alternative to traditional tent systems. It is used by climbers, mountaineers, hikers, ultralight backpackers, soldiers and minimalist campers. The bivouac sack has a larger, similar counterpart, called a bivouac shelter (Alpine style) as the sole shelter.[8]

Reduction in weight of the second of the big three, the sleeping system, is achieved through reduction of the quantity of fabric used in its manufacture or through use of lighterweight materials in its construction. The use of down The down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers. Very young birds are clad only in down. Powder down is a specialized type of down found only in a few groups of birds. Down is a fine thermal insulator and padding, used in goods such as jackets, bedding, pillows and sleeping bags. The discovery of feathers as an insulation material which is lighter by volume than currently available synthetic fibers[3] will decrease bag weight but alternately suffer from its susceptibility to loft loss caused by moisture[8]. Reducing the overall weight of a sleeping bag A sleeping bag is a protective "bag" for a person to sleep in, essentially a blanket that can be closed with a zipper or similar means, and functions as a bed in situations where it is impractical to carry around a full bed . Its primary purpose is to provide warmth and thermal insulation. It also protects, to some extent, against wind by eliminating superfluous material will reduce its weight. An example of this is the use of a sleeping quilt A quilt is a type of bedding composed several layers generally combined using the technique of quilting. Many are made with decorative designs, and some of these are not used as bed covering at all, but are rather made to be hung on a wall or otherwise displayed or top bag. A sleeping quilt is a bottom-less insulated blanket which has no insulation on its bottom side, relying on the user's sleeping pad to guard against conductive heat loss into the ground. A top bag is more like a conventional sleeping bag in that it wraps around the user's entire body but the bottom fabric contains no insulation. The philosophy behind these two alternatives is that insulation crushed under a person's weight is devoid of air and therefore useless. Some modern down sleeping bags are through-baffled and under-filled such that the user can shift all the insulation to the top of their body thereby maximizing its potential to retain heat. Ultralight hikers also tend to carry bags rated for warmer temperatures than traditional-weight backpackers - making up the difference on cold nights by wearing insulated clothing to bed such as a balaclava A balaclava , also known as a balaclava helmet or ski mask, is a form of headgear covering the whole head, exposing only the face or upper part of it, and sometimes only the eyes. The name "balaclava" comes from the town of Balaklava, near Sevastopol in Crimea, Ukraine. During the Crimean War, knitted balaclavas were sent over to the)[3] or insulated jacket. Proper camping site selection that avoids colder hollows (low points where cold air tends to collect)[3] or that makes use of natural wind barriers such as thick vegetation or cliffs makes up the difference in heat lost by lighter gear.

With a lighter shelter and sleeping system, the backpack can consist of lighter material and a less bulky frame or no frame at all. The common ultralight alternative to an internal frame pack is a frameless pack made of ripstop nylon Rip-stop nylon is a light-weight nylon fabric with inter-woven ripstop reinforcement threads in a crosshatch pattern.The material comes in many different colours and sizes, including thickness. It is woven with coarse, strong warp and filling yarns spaced at intervals so that tears will not spread. The same effect can be achieved by weaving two or, silnylon Silnylon, a portmanteau of "silicone" and "nylon", is a synthetic fabric used mainly in lightweight outdoor gear. It is made by impregnating a thin woven nylon fabric with liquid silicone from both sides. This makes it strong for its weight, as the silicone substantially improves the tear strength. It is also highly waterproof,, or Dyneema Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene , also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. It has extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 2 and 6 million. The longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively, with a carrying limit of 25 pounds (11 kg).[3] An internal-frame pack can weigh upwards of 6 pounds (2.7 kg) with features such as hip belt stabilizers, lifter straps, sternum straps, and compression straps; ultralight frameless packs are commercially available in weights ranging from eight to fourteen ounces (200-400 g)[8] and can consist of not much more than a sack with shoulder straps, a return to the simplicity of the rucksack. Jardine's book includes directions to make your own "ultralight pack". [3]

Some backpackers make their own gear. Possible advantages include individually customizing the items, as well as potential cost savings. An added advantage is that if a homemade item were to break down, the hiker would be in a better position to repair it. Materials used to make commercially available gear are normally not as lightweight as they could be; one reason is in order to minimize returns of damaged gear. Homemade lightweight gear can last as long as needed if cared for properly.

Referenced examples

Jardine:[3]

Jordan:[1]

Other Gear

The remaining gear (see ten essentials The Ten Essentials were first described in the 1930s by The Mountaineers, a hiking and mountain climbing club. Many regional organizations and authors recommend that hikers, backpackers, and climbers rigorously ensure they have the ten essentials with them. However, many expert hikers do not always carry all the items and survival kit A survival kit is a package of basic tools and supplies prepared in advance as an aid to survival in an emergency. Military aircraft, lifeboats, and spacecraft are equipped with survival kits for some of the other items) carried by an ultralight backpacker follows a similar philosophy of replacing traditional backpacking gear with lighter options. Below is a short list of replacements that some Ultralight hikers choose instead of traditional backpacking gear:

Consumables

In addition to carrying equipment, hikers must also carry consumables such as water and food and in some cases fuel. Some ultralight backpackers save weight by resupplying these items more frequently. On long-distance trails with multiple access points, some ultralight hikers choose to place food caches or stop at stores to resupply consumables at frequent intervals, allowing just two or three days worth of food to be carried in place of a larger load.

Water

See also: Drinking water A 1.5-litre (1.6 US qt) bottle of water. The water itself weighs 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb).

1 litre (1.1 US qt) of water weighs 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), thus it is a significant contributor to pack weight.

Moderate activity in a moderate climate requires 2 litres (2.1 US qt) of drinking water per day [9], and in many regions hikers must carry their water from oasis to oasis. When traveling through an area with many springs and streams, some ultralight hikers can carry as little as 350 millilitres (12 US fl oz) of water— or none at all, provided the hiker is confident on how far away the next reliable water source is and the expected weather conditions (or is smart enough to double back before becoming dehydrated).

Water from many sources should be purified to prevent Waterborne diseases such as Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis and Dysentery. Some ultralight hikers reduce the weight of water purifying devices by carrying lighter disinfectants as opposed to heavier filters. Some ultralight hikers even forgo treatment in regions where water purification may not be essential or are particularly careful about choosing sources, see also Potability of backcountry water. Neither boiling, disinfectants or ordinary filters are effective against chemical pollution[3].

Food

See also: Nutrition

Once the Big 3 (see above) and water are resolved, food becomes the biggest contributor to pack weight and an area where substantial gains over traditional backpacking can be gained.

The Basal metabolic rate requirement of food calories (one food calorie is 1000 heat calories, thus sometimes labelled kcal) is approximately 1000 per day per 100 pounds of body weight[9]. However exertion in the form of hiking consumes additional calories; for example the standard US Army field ration is 4500 calories per day for strenuous work[9]. Thus depending upon type of food an average hiker carries, a hiker requires approximately 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) of food per day.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Ultralight techniques can substantially reduce this weight, Jardine suggests 2.5 pounds (1.1 kg) per day for thru-hiking[3], Jordan suggests 1.25 pounds (0.57 kg) per day (at 125 calories per ounce, 4.4 calories per gram) for a 3-season 3-day backpack[1].

Many foods can be dried or dehydrated to reduce water weight. Dehydrated meals can be purchased or dehydrated at home. On the trail, rehydration can typically be performed by cooking in hot water. Some ultralight hikers reduce weight by not carrying a stove and rehydrating food in a container with water (although this method requires more time to rehydrate than the traditional cooking method). For example Ramen noodles, dehydrated refried beans (in powdered form), or dehydrated hummus can be put in a ziploc bag or lightweight microwave disposable plastic container with water to rehydrate. Gaba rice (or GBR, germinated brown rice) can be made with brown rice, body heat and water and eaten uncooked.[citation needed] Oats (groats or rolled, granola or muesli) and barley also become soft enough with soaking to eat uncooked. Tsampa is a simple, bland and lightweight dish made from flour used for centuries by the wandering Tibetan monks.

A common variety of trail mix made out of peanuts, raisins, and candy coated chocolate, around 4.8 kcal/gram[10].

Weight in the form of food can also be reduced by choosing foods that have the highest ratio of calories per weight. Proteins and carbohydrates have approximately 4 food calories per gram whereas fat has 9 food calories per gram[11], thus carrying foods high in fat content can reduce weight, such as the following examples:

Clarified butter (anhydrous), which stores well unrefrigerated, is almost pure fat (8.76 kcal/gram[14]), thus about 4,000 food calories per pound, however it is also a potent bear attractant.

Alternatively, so-called "energy bars" on average contain more protein and carbohydrates than fat, similar to a fig newton (3.68 kcal/gram), lowering their calorie to weight ratio relative to other choices [15]

Food protection

A captive bear tests a food canister

In many areas, unprotected food has the potential of being eaten by wild animals. One common method (where the technique is legal) is to hang the food. In many areas, food is hung in trees to keep it away from ground animals, but this is ineffective where animals have become accustomed to humans. In the U.S.A.'s Yosemite National Park where there are numerous black bears, hanging food is ineffective, and an approved bear-resistant food storage container is required [16]. The conflict with the ultralight hiker philosophy is that approved, bear-proof containers weigh several pounds empty.

References

  1. ^ a b c d George Cole; Ryan Jordan; Alan Dixon (2006). Lightweight Backpacking and Camping. Bozeman, MT: Beartooth Mountain Press. ISBN 0974818828
  2. ^ Ray Jardine (1992). The PCT Hiker's Handbook. LaPine, OR: AdventureLore Press. ISBN 0963235907
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ray Jardine (1999). Beyond Backpacking: Ray Jardines Guide to Lightweight Hiking. LaPine, OR: AventureLore Press. ISBN 0963235931
  4. ^ Freeling, Elisa (Nov-Dec, 2002). "When Grandma Gatewood hiked the Appalachian Trail". Sierra. http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200211/good.asp
  5. ^ "Fabric Mojo - Descriptions of common lightweight fabric materials". Mountainlaureldesigns.com. http://www.mountainlaureldesigns.com/fabric.php. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  6. ^ Jordan, Ryan Lightweight Backpacking and Camping, page 135
  7. ^ "Where To Start". Ultralightbackpacker.com. http://www.ultralightbackpacker.com/where-to-start.html. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  8. ^ a b c Colin Fletcher; Chip Rawlins (2002). The Complete Walker IV. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0375703233
  9. ^ a b c d e f Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
  10. ^ "USDA food database: Snacks, trail mix". Nal.usda.gov. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  11. ^ "Online Merck Manual: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats". Merck.com. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch152/ch152b.html. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  12. ^ "USDA food database: Nuts, coconut meat, dried (desiccated), toasted". Nal.usda.gov. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  13. ^ "Methods of meat preservation without refrigeration". FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0562e/T0562E04.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  14. ^ "USDA food database: Butter oil, anhydrous". Nal.usda.gov. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  15. ^ "Fueling up with Energy Bars". 2001. http://www.healthcentral.com/fitorfat/408/34334.html.
  16. ^ "Food Storage in Yosemite National Park". 2008. http://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/bears.htm

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